Life satisfaction
Data source: 2016 EQLS survey
Ability to choose or change
methods of work
Data source: 2015 EWCS survey
Possibility to accumulate overtime
for days off
Data source: 2013 ECS survey
The tripartite EU agency providing knowledge to assist in the development of better social, employment and work-related policies
The tripartite EU agency providing knowledge to assist in the development of better social, employment and work-related policies
20 May 2020
Data source: Eurostat
Eurofound provides research, data and analysis on a wide range of social and work-related topics. This information is largely comparative, but also offers country-specific information for each of the 28 EU Member States, which included the UK prior to its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020. Most information is available in English but some has been translated to facilitate access at national level.
Eurofound strives to strengthen the ongoing link between its own work and national policy debates and priorities related to quality of life and work. Increasingly important in this context is the Europe 2020 growth and jobs strategy launched in 2010, which has five headline targets, covering employment through to social inclusion and poverty reduction. The strategy is implemented in the context of the European Semester process – the EU's annual cycle of economic policy guidance and surveillance – which ensures that Member States keep their budgetary and economic policies in line with their EU commitments through, in part, National Reform Programmes. These programmes form the basis for the European Commission's proposals for country-specific recommendations (CSRs) for each Member State.
European Commission: The European Semester
European Commission: The European Semester - EU country-specific recommendations
European Commission: European Semester documents for Denmark
COVID-19 continues to have a profound impact on people’s lives across the globe, with major implications for quality of life and work. Eurofound has taken a multipronged response to the pandemic, adapting its research focus in a variety of ways. A new database of national-level policy responses, COVID-19 EU PolicyWatch, collates information on measures taken by government and social partners, as well as company practices, aiming to cushion the effects of the crisis. Eurofound launched an e-survey in early April, Living, working and COVID-19, to capture the immediate economic and social effects of the crisis across the European Union and beyond. The survey investigates the impact on well-being, work and telework and on the financial situation of people living in Europe. The first findings for each country, as well as a range of data pages are now available.
Explore our data pages by country to find out more on the situation in Denmark.
The country page gives access to Eurofound's most recent survey data and news, directly related to Denmark:
Research carried out prior to 31 January 2020, and published subsequently, may include data relating to the 28 EU Member States. Following this date, research only takes into account the 27 EU Member States (EU28 minus the UK), unless specified otherwise.
Survey results
Life satisfaction
Data source: 2016 EQLS survey
Ability to choose or change
methods of work
Data source: 2015 EWCS survey
Possibility to accumulate overtime
for days off
Data source: 2013 ECS survey
Recent developments
Eurofound contacts in Denmark
Correspondents report on topics related to developments in the country's working life and inform Eurofound’s pan-European comparative analysis. Read more
Consortium (FAOS) - Employment Relations Research Center, Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen / Oxford Research A/S
Eurofound's Management Board is made up of representatives of the social partners and national governments of all Member States, European Commission representatives and an independent expert appointed by the European Parliament. Read more
Thomas Mølsted Jørgensen Ministry of Employment
Christiane Mißleck-Winberg Confederation of Danish Employers
Peter Waldorff Federation of Professionals in Denmark, FTF
Quality of life
Based on the indicators shown in the table below, quality of life in Denmark is good, according to EQLS findings. All the indicators are better than the EU averages.
However, both those for life satisfaction and happiness show some signs of negative development. Life satisfaction decreased from 8.5 in 2003 to 8.2 in 2016 (on a scale of 1–10). Happiness also decreased, from 8.4 in 2003 to 8.1 in 2016. Nonetheless, life satisfaction in Denmark is still highest among the EU28 countries (the respective EU average is 7.1).
Self-reported health has improved in Denmark. In 2007, 29% of the respondents reported their health to be ‘very good’. In 2016, this share was 37%, compared with the EU28 average of 24%.
2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2016 | ||
Life satisfaction | Mean (1-10) | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.2 |
Taking all things together on a scale of 1 to 10, how happy would you say you are? | Mean (1-10) | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.1 |
Optimism about own future | Agree & strongly agree | - | - | - | 84% |
Optimism about children’s or grandchildren’s future | Agree & strongly agree | - | - | - | 80% |
Take part in sports or physical exercise | At least once a week | - | - | 60% | 60% |
In general, how is your health? | Very good | - | 29% | 32% | 37% |
WHO-5 mental wellbeing index | Mean (1-100) | - | 67 | 70 | 70 |
Making ends meet | With some difficulty, difficulty, and great difficulty | 14% | 13% | 18% | 15% |
I feel I am free to decide how to live my life | Strongly agree | - | - | 60% | 42% |
I find it difficult to deal with important problems that come up in my life | Agree & strongly agree | - | - | - | 17% |
When things go wrong in my life, it generally takes me a long time to get back to normal | Agree & strongly agree | - | - | - | 14% |
Work-life balance
Based on the three indicators below, work–life balance in Denmark is at a good level when compared to the other EU countries. Denmark also has the lowest share of people having ‘difficulties to fulfil family responsibilities because of work’ at least several times a month, standing at 24% in 2016 and lower than the EU average of 38%.
However, the gender breakdowns for Denmark reveal that work–life balance related problems are more common among female respondents. For instance, 58% of women report being ‘too tired from work to do some of the household jobs which need to be done’ at least several times a month, which is higher than the respective share of men at 44%.
Work–life balance problems have increased in Denmark during the observation period 2003–2016, following the trend also seen in many other EU countries. Despite the recent increases, work–life balance problems in Denmark are still less common than on average in the EU.
2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2016 | ||
(At least several times a month) | |||||
I have come home from work too tired to do some of the household jobs which need to be done | Total | 38% | 40% | 42% | 50% |
Men | 33% | 39% | 40% | 44% | |
Women | 43% | 42% | 45% | 58% | |
It has been difficult for me to fulfil my family responsibilities because of the amount of time I spend on the job | Total | 18% | 21% | 17% | 24% |
Men | 16% | 19% | 18% | 22% | |
Women | 20% | 24% | 16% | 26% | |
I have found it difficult to concentrate at work because of my family responsibilities | Total | 4% | 7% | 5% | 11% |
Men | 4% | 5% | 5% | 11% | |
Women | 4% | 9% | 6% | 11% |
Quality of society
Denmark has the lowest share of respondents in the EU28 reporting a lot of tensions between poor and rich people, standing at 6% in 2016 versus an EU average of 29%. Denmark also has the highest share of respondents feeling safe when walking alone after dark, at 63% in 2016 compared with the EU average of 35%. Looking at the other indicators shown in the table below, Denmark is doing relatively well in all the indicators on quality of society, in comparison to the EU28 averages. None of the indicators shown have experienced any notable decreases or increases in recent years.
2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2016 | ||
Social exclusion index | Mean (1-5) | - | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.7 |
Trust in people | Mean (1-10) | 7.0 | 7.2 | 7.0 | 7.3 |
Involvement in unpaid voluntary work | % "at least once a month" | - | - | 18% | 16% |
Tension between poor and rich people | % reporting 'a lot of tension' | 4% | 4% | 4% | 6% |
Tension between different racial and ethnic groups | % reporting 'a lot of tension' | 38% | 35% | 25% | 34% |
I feel safe when I walk alone after dark | Strongly agree | - | - | - | 63% |
Quality of public services
Quality ratings for seven public services
Note: scale of 1-10, Source: EQLS 2016.
Respondents perceive the quality of public services as high in Denmark. All ratings are above the EU28 averages. The education system gets the highest rating, being 7.7 on average in 2016 (on a scale of 1–10). The respective EU28 average is 6.7. The lowest ranking public service in Denmark is the state pension system (6.0 in 2016). However, this is still well above the EU average of 5.0. The perceived quality of public services has remained fairly stable in the recent years of observation.
2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2016 | ||
Health services | Mean (1-10) | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.4 | 7.4 |
Education system | Mean (1-10) | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.7 |
Public transport | Mean (1-10) | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.8 |
Childcare services | Mean (1-10) | - | 7.4 | 7.2 | 7.5 |
Long-term care services | Mean (1-10) | - | - | 6.7 | 6.4 |
Social housing | Mean (1-10) | - | - | 6.7 | 6.9 |
State pension system | Mean (1-10) | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.0 |
This profile describes the key characteristics of working life in Denmark. It aims to complement other EurWORK research by providing the relevant background information on the structures, institutions and relevant regulations regarding working life. This includes indicators, data and regulatory systems on the following aspects: actors and institutions, collective and individual employment relations, health and well-being, pay, working time, skills and training, and equality and non-discrimination at work. The profiles are updated annually.
Highlights – Working life in 2019
Highlights updated on: 28 february 2020
For more information, see working paper:
Denmark: Developments in working life 2018
Two main features characterise the year 2019 in Denmark: first, it was a year without any major collective bargaining, and second, the year was dominated by a general election and a change of government. The collective agreement for the public sector was signed for three years in 2018 and the collective agreements in the private sector will be negotiated in 2020.
The general election resulted in defeat for the sitting centre-right government and its supporting party, the Danish People Party. A majority in parliament shifted in favour of the centre-left parties, led by the Social Democrat Party which was backed by 26% of the voters. The Social Democrat Party formed a one-party minority government, with support from the Socialist People’s Party, the Social Liberal Party and the Red–Green Alliance.
One of the big issues in the debate leading up to the general election in June was retirement policy. The Social Democrats proposed that some groups of workers should be entitled to earlier retirement than other groups. While the Social Democrats have not specified which groups of workers and the age at which they should be able to retire, it is clear the policy would target vulnerable workers and workers suffering from burnout. After forming a new government, the Social Democrats declared that the new policy should be designed and implemented through tripartite dialogue. The Minister of Employment, Peter Hummelgaard, invited the main social partners in the private sector, Danish Trade Union Confederation (FH) and the Confederation of Danish Employers (DA).
One of the initiatives of the new government has been the restructuring of ministries and agencies. The government closed down the Agency for Modernisation under the Ministry of Finance (Moderniseringsstyrelsen), the state agency involved in collective bargaining in the public sector representing the Ministry of Finance since 2011. The government moved responsibility for collective bargaining on behalf of the state employer from the Ministry of Finance to the Ministry of Taxation, creating a new agency – the Danish Employee and Competence Agency (Medarbejder- og Kompetencestyrelsen), part of the Services of the Ministry of Taxation – to deal with collective bargaining on wages and working conditions with unions in the public sector.
A majority in parliament voted in April to strengthen and restructure the Danish work environment effort which aims to prevent people from getting sick or experiencing burnout at work. To fulfil this ambition, the Danish Working Environment Authority allocated approximately DKK 460 million (€62 million as at 17 February 2020) towards 2022. The political agreement is based on recommendations from the Committee of Experts on the assessment of the working environment effort, which submitted its recommendations in September 2018. A large part of the agreement was implemented through a revision of the law on working environment enacted in December. A new consolidation act on psychosocial working environment is still to be implemented.
Key figures
2012 |
2018 |
% (point) change 2012-2018 |
||||
Denmark |
EU28 |
Denmark |
EU28 |
Denmark |
EU28 |
|
GDP per capita |
44,200 |
25,700 |
47,500 |
28,200 |
7.47% |
9.73% |
Unemployment rate – total |
7.5 |
10.5 |
5.0 |
6.8 |
-2.50 |
-3.70 |
Unemployment rate - women |
7.5 |
10.6 |
5.2 |
7.1 |
-2.30 |
-3.50 |
Unemployment rate - men |
7.5 |
10.4 |
4.8 |
6.6 |
-2.70 |
-3.80 |
Unemployment rate - youth |
14.1 |
23.3 |
9.3 |
15.2 |
-4.80 |
-8.10 |
Employment rate – total |
78.6 |
71.7 |
79.4 |
73.7 |
0.80 |
2.00 |
Employment rate - women |
75.8 |
65.5 |
76.6 |
68.3 |
0.80 |
2.80 |
Employment rate - men |
81.4 |
77.8 |
82.1 |
79.2 |
0.70 |
1.40 |
Employment rate - youth |
64.1 |
42.4 |
63.2 |
41.7 |
-0.90 |
-0.70 |
Source: Eurostat - Real GDP per capita (chain linked volumes [2010], in EUR) and percentage change 2012-2018 (both based on tsdec100). Unemployment rate by sex and age - annual average, % [une_rt_a]; Employment rate by sex and age - annual average, % [lfsi_emp_a].
Background
Between 2012 and 2018, GDP increased 7.47%, against the EU average of 9.73% for the same period. During this time, the unemployment rate decreased by 2.5 percentage points; the biggest decrease was in youth unemployment (-4.8 percentage points), which stood at 9.3% in 2018, below the EU average for the same year (15.2%). Employment rates for all categories were above EU averages in 2018.
GDP ended on 1% growth in the last quarter of 2017. According to the Ministry of Finance, GDP growth is estimated to be 1.9% in 2018 and 1.7% in 2019. Growth is expected to lift employment by nearly 70,000 people during 2018 and 2019. The improvement in the Danish economy stems from by private consumption, private investment and exports.
In January 2018, the unemployment rate in Denmark was 4.3%. The Danish unemployment rate is below the EU average.
Denmark will continue to have a shortage of labour in some areas, including highly qualified employees in the private sector e.g. engineers, IT specialists, and biotechnology/pharmaceutical specialists. There is also a shortage of doctors.
More information on:
There is no Labour Code in Denmark. Freedom of membership of an association – both the positive and the negative right – is expressed in the Act on the freedom of association in the labour market. The law was amended in 2006, abolishing the right to closed shop agreements.
Legislation is minimal regarding the regulation of the Danish labour market. Central labour market issues – such as wages, working hours, working conditions or the right to strike – are regulated by agreements between employer and employees.
However, an important act concerning regulation is the Consolidation Act 81 of 3 February 2009 on the Legal Relationship between Employers and Salaried Employees (Funktionærloven). This act – also known as the White-Collar Act – regulates working conditions for salaried employees.
The role of the Danish labour inspectorate, the Danish Working Environment Authority (Arbejdstilsynet), is mainly of an administrative and monitoring nature.
The Danish Working Environment Authority is an agency under the auspices of the Ministry of Employment. It is the authority contributing to the creation of safe and sound working conditions at Danish workplaces.
The Danish Working Environment Act is a framework act, which lays down the general objectives and requirements in relation to the working environment. The Act aims to prevent accidents and diseases at the workplace and to protect children and young persons on the labour market through special rules.
The Danish IR system goes back to the conclusion of the ‘September Compromise’ in 1899 and the introduction of collective labour law institutions in 1910.
The principal level for collective bargaining in Denmark is the sectoral level. Negotiations in the industrial sector generally set the trend for the other negotiations at this level. This gives the trade union federation, the Central Organisation of Industrial Employees ( Centralorganisationen af Industriansatte, CO-industri) and the largest employer organisation, the Confederation of Danish Industry (DI) an important role in the Danish industrial relations system.
In recent decades, the industrial relations system has had a significant tendency towards decentralisation of the collective bargaining system including wage bargaining. Wage negotiations follow two trends. In the flexible ‘minimum-wage system’ the agreement concluded at sector level is further negotiated at company level. Thus, the actual wage is settled at company level. In the ‘normal-wage system’, wages are only negotiated and settled at sectoral level. The normal wage system only covers 15% of the labour market and is mainly concentrated in the transport sector. The rest is covered by flexible wage systems as the minimum-wage system and the price-list system, the latter mainly in the construction sector.
Actors and institutions
Trade unions, employers’ organisations and public institutions play a key role in the governance of the employment relationship, working conditions and industrial relations structures. They are interlocking parts in a multilevel system of governance that includes the European, national, sectoral, regional (provincial or local) and company levels. This section looks into the main actors and institutions and their role in Denmark.
In Denmark, the government and its ministries are as a rule not involved in regulating industrial relations and working conditions. Regarding decision-making, the government is mostly involved in formulating the employment policy. The exception is regulating and monitoring the working environment (occupational health and safety), which is the province of the Ministry of Employment and its agency, the Danish Working Environment Authority. The agency contributes to the creation of safe and sound working conditions at the Danish workplaces by carrying out inspections of companies, drawing up rules on health and safety at work and providing information on health and safety at work.
The main institutions and mechanisms ensuring the enforcement of employee’s rights (the labour courts) are regulated by the social partners. The focus is on out-of-court mechanisms supplemented with a Labour Court with representatives from the social partners, state-employed judges from the Supreme Court and arbitration courts supervised by the social partners. In case of a breakdown in efforts to renew an existing collective agreement, the Public Conciliator has a right to intervene on behalf of the state.
There are three employer organisations in the public sector covering collective bargaining in the state, local government and regional government. The Agency for the Modernisation of Public Administration ( Moderniseringsstyrelsen) negotiates in the central state sector on behalf of the Ministry of Finance. Local Government Denmark (KL) is the employer association for the 98 municipalities and Danish Regions ( Danske Regioner) for the five regions in Denmark. During the important collective bargaining in the public sector, a new state employer spearheaded the negotiations with the state employees’ confederations. It was the Minister for the newly created Public Service Innovation, Ms Sophie Løhde from The Liberal Party (Venstre), who thus had her debut as a main negotiator in the central state sector.
The most important concept of representativeness in Denmark is mutual recognition between the social partner organisations. The system of social dialogue is based on voluntarism and is only encompassed by very little legislation. Recognition is in principal established the moment two organisations conclude a collective agreement. Within the organisations the leaders are chosen by the members. There is no legislation connected to the concept of representativeness.
More information on representativeness of the main social partner organisations can be found in Eurofound’s representativeness study of the cross-industry social partners or in Eurofound’s sectoral representativeness studies.
Freedom of membership of an association – both the positive and the negative right – is expressed in the ‘Act on the freedom of association in the labour market’ from 1982. The law was amended in 2006, abolishing the right to closed shop agreements.
Among other European countries, the level of trade union density in Denmark 67% – which is relatively high (OECD 2014). However, the density has been steadily falling since 1996 when it was around 75%. The decline has mostly taken place among the unions of skilled and unskilled workers and clerical and commercial employees. Those are the unions under the umbrella of the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions, LO.
There are three trends explaining the decline in the membership in LO-unions. Firstly the members, including potential members, are ‘educating themselves’ into a union of a different confederation based on members with longer education. Secondly, there has always been a tendency for the young and foreign workers not to join the unions and thirdly, but not least, there is competition from the low-fee, so-called ‘yellow unions’ (politically alternative unions in relation to the traditional unions). They are not representative regarding collective bargaining, and they are based on low membership fees and individual judicial support. However, unions such as the Christian Union have increased membership steadily during the last 10 years.
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
Source |
|
Trade union density in terms of active employees |
67.0% |
66.36% |
67.20% |
66.77% |
n/a |
OECD/Visser (2014) |
Trade union membership in 1000 |
1648 |
1630 |
1642 |
1633 |
n/a |
OECD/Visser (2014) |
Long name |
Abbreviation |
Members |
Involved in collective bargaining? |
Danish Confederation of Trade Unions |
LO |
788,377 (2017) Source: StatBank Denmark LONMED1 |
No |
Confederation of Professionals in Denmark |
FTF |
346,194 (31 December 2017) Source: StatBank Denmark LONMED1 |
No |
Confederation of Professional Associations in Denmark |
Akademikerne (former AC) |
235,629 (31 December 2017) Source: StatBank Denmark LONMED1 |
Yes |
United Federation of Danish Workers |
3F (LO) |
231,135 (31 December 2017) Source: StatBank Denmark LONMED1 |
Yes |
Union of Commercial and Clerical Employees in Denmark |
HK/Danmark (LO) |
181,005 (31 December 2017) Source: StatBank Denmark LONMED1 |
Yes |
Danish Trade and Labour |
FOA (LO) |
181,005 (31 December 2017) Source: StatBank Denmark LONMED1 |
Yes |
Danish Nurses’ Organisation |
DSR (FTF) |
56,067 (31 December 2017) Source: StatBank Denmark LONMED1 |
Yes |
Danish Teachers’ Union |
DLF (FTF) |
57,125 (31 December 2017) Source: StatBank Denmark LONMED1 |
Yes |
Danish Federation of Early Childhood Teachers and Youth Educators |
BUPL (FTF) |
51,682 (31 December 2017) Source: StatBank Denmark LONMED1 |
Yes |
Financial Services' Union |
FF (FTF) |
39,383 (31 December 2017) Source: StatBank Denmark LONMED1 |
Yes |
Danish Society of Engineers |
IDA (AC) |
68,865 (31 December 2017) Source: StatBank Denmark LONMED1 |
Yes |
Danish Association of Lawyers and Economists |
DJØF (AC) |
58,944 (31 December 2017) Source: StatBank Denmark LONMED1 |
Yes |
Danish Association of Masters and PhDs |
DM (AC) |
31,742 (31 December 2017) Source: StatBank Denmark LONMED1 |
Yes |
Danish Medical Association |
DADL (AC) |
19,610 (31 December 2017) Source: StatBank Denmark LONMED1 |
Yes |
Note: The table includes the three existing confederations, LO, FTF and Akademikerne, AC, and the largest and pace-setting organisations in the three confederations.
During 2018 the two largest confederations, LO and FTF, voted in their respective central board meetings to merge as of 1 January 2019. The name of the new confederation is Confederation of Danish Unions (Fagbevægelsens Hovedorganisation, FH). The merger was a result of around five years of preparation between the executives of both confederations. The outcome of the ballot was not a given beforehand. The largest LO-union, 3F – of skilled and unskilled workers – accepted a merger only in the last moment.
It is voluntary to join an employer association. Membership includes agreement that the employer organisation concludes binding collective agreements on behalf of the member. The level of employers’ organisation density has been more or less stable over the past 10 years – around 74% measured by the number of employees covered by the member companies (DA).
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
Source |
|
Employers’ organisation density in terms of active employees |
77% |
69% (EOM) |
n/a |
Visser (2014) Confederation of Danish Employers, DA (2014): Labour market report 2014 |
Employers’ organisation density in private sector establishments* |
77% |
n/a |
n/a |
Confederation of Danish Employers, DA (2014): Labour market report 2014: The last Danish study on employers’ organisation density dates from 2010. According to this study (see link above), the employers’ organisation density in the private sector was 58% in 2007* |
Percentage of employees working in an establishment, which is a member of any employer organisation that is involved in collective bargaining.
* (Due, J., Madsen, J.S. and Pihl, 2010)
There are two private sector confederations and three employer organisations in the public sector. The largest employer organisation is DI, which covers one million employees, including employees abroad.
Long name |
Abbreviation |
Members |
Year |
Involved in collective bargaining? |
Confederation of Danish Employers (Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening) |
DA |
14 employer organisations covering 25,000 member companies |
2016* |
No |
Danish Employers' Association for the Financial Sector (Finanssektorens Arbejdgiverforening) |
FA |
1 organisation covering 170 member companies with 65,000 employees |
2018 |
Yes |
Agency for the Modernisation of Public Administration (Moderniseringsstyrelsen) |
None |
No members Employer organisation in the state |
2018 |
Yes |
Local Government Denmark (KL) |
KL |
98 municipalities |
2018 |
Yes |
Danish Regions (Danske Regioner) |
None |
5 regions |
2018 |
Yes |
Main Organisations |
||||
Confederation of Danish Industry (DI) |
DI |
10,000 members 1 million employees including some abroad |
2018 |
Yes |
Danish Chamber of Commerce (Dansk Erhverv) |
None |
14,000 members No information about number of employees |
2018 |
Yes |
Danish Construction Association (Dansk Byggeri) |
None |
5,700 members No information about number of employees |
2018 |
Yes |
In Denmark, tripartite consultations normally take place on an ad hoc basis. The general process is that the government invites the main social partner organisations to discuss labour market issues or issues that have an effect on employment, such as employment policy. The degree of involvement of the social partners is in general high regardless of the government in office.
However, in autumn 2012, the newly elected government led by the Social Democrats invited the social partners to a tripartite dialogue on working time and welfare issues, which was ultimately cancelled by the government. Trade union representatives from Danish Metal insisted they would not accept any attempt to extend working time, such as abolishing two public holidays as suggested by the government. The Minister of Finance then chose to cancel the negotiations before they had started in earnest.
Politicians and the social partners judged tripartite negotiations dead for a very long time. However, in 2016 the Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen opened new tripartite negotiations, this time with a new strategy. Instead of presenting all topics to be negotiated in one package, as the Social Democrats had done (ultimately, unsuccessfully), he split the negotiations in three parts. If one failed, there were still two others to negotiate. Thus, in the spring of 2016 the government and the social partners at peak level started negotiations about how to secure faster integration of the large number of refugees from Syria, among other countries, who came to Denmark through Germany. The negotiations were successful, introducing a special immigrant benefit. The two following tripartite negotiations also an ended in an agreement, the last at the end of 2017. The last two agreement dealt with adult and further training and bringing more young people into apprenticeships. Thus, this ‘assembly line’ strategy – breaking topics into distinct stages – turned out to be successful and tripartite negotiations have survived.
The bodies mentioned below are permanent tripartite/bipartite bodies that are either set up by legislation or collective agreement, and mostly concern employment, training and work environment.
Name |
Type |
Level |
Issues covered |
National Cooperation Council (Samarbejdsnævnet) |
Bipartite |
National |
Cooperation council administrating the Cooperation Agreement (2006) between LO and DA |
Cooperation Committees (Samarbejdsudvalg) |
Bipartite |
Company |
Cooperation at workplace – according to the Cooperation Agreement |
Danish Employment Council (Danmarks Beskæftigelsesråd) |
Tripartite |
National |
Employment creation, employment policy issues |
Danish Working Environment Council (Arbejdsmiljørådet) |
Tripartite |
National |
Work environment, occupational health and safety |
Regional and local employment councils (Regionale og lokale beskæftigelsesråd) |
Tripartite |
Regional and local government |
Employment creation, employment policy issues |
Danish Council for Adult and Further Training (Rådet for Voksen- og Efteruddannelse) |
Tripartite |
National |
Educational issues regarding citizens that need extra qualifications – competence development |
Vocational training committees (Faglige udvalg) |
Tripartite |
Occupational |
Vocational training, further training |
Sector/Branch Work Environment Councils (Branchearbejdsmiljø-udvalg) |
Tripartite |
Sector/branch |
Working environment, work environment, occupational health and safety at sector/branch level |
Danish Economic Council (Det økonomiske råd) |
Multipartite |
National |
The Danish national economy. Advisory body |
The main channels of employee representation at workplace level are the shop stewards and the Cooperation Committee – in the public sector, the latter is referred to as the Co-determination Committee ( MED-udvalg). These committees consist of an equal number of representatives of employees and management. The employee representatives are elected among the union members at workplace. The work environment committee, along with board member representatives, are other important channels for employee representation at workplace.
In the public sector, the Co-determination Committees incorporate the work environment; hence, it is a one-tier system opposed to a two-tier system with cooperation committees and health and safety committees (which since 2012 have been called work environment committees where they exist in the private sector). The co-influence and co-determination system is based on a framework agreement – the so-called MED-agreement. The president of the Co-determination Committees in the public sector is usually the director of the municipality or county, while the vice-president is the joint shop steward.
Workplace representation is codified by collective agreement.
Regulation |
Composition |
Competences of the body Involved in company level collective bargaining? |
Thresholds/rules |
|
Cooperation Committee (Samarbejdsudvalg – SU) |
Collective agreements |
Parity of both sides. |
Cooperation at workplace Not involved in collective bargaining at workplace, for instance about wages. |
35 employees |
Shop steward (Tillidsrepræsentant – TR) |
Collective agreements |
Combined employee and trade union representative at workplace. |
Yes |
5 employees |
Type 3 MED-committees (MED-udvalg) |
Collective agreements |
Combined committee of the employee and work environment representatives. |
Yes |
25 employees |
Industrial action and disputes
A ‘conflict of rights’ arises where the matter in dispute is already covered by a collective agreement. In the event of a conflict of rights, there is generally no right to resort to industrial action or a lockout. Once enacted, Danish labour law prescribes a peace obligation while the collective agreement is in force.
If the case concerns a breach of the collective agreement, it must be referred to the Labour Court (Arbejdsretten). On the other hand, if there is disagreement concerning the interpretation of the agreement, the dispute must be settled by the industrial arbitration tribunal ( Faglige voldgiftsretter). The legal basis for conflict resolution is the Standard Rules for Handling Industrial Disputes from 1910 (the Danish abbreviation is Normen).
A ‘conflict of interests’ occurs in periods and areas when and where there is no collective agreement in force – in these instances, industrial action, such as strikes, lockouts or blockades can be taken provided that there is a reasonable degree of proportionality between the goal to be obtained and the means used to obtain it. This freedom applies both to the workers and the employers. Conflicts of interests may occur in connection with the renewal of a collective agreement. In this case, an attempt at mediation is made by the public conciliator (Forligsmanden) in order to avoid further conflict, such as a general strike.
In addition, conflicts of interests may arise between trade unions and employers not covered by a collective agreement. During the period when a collective agreement is in force, conflicts of interests could also arise if, for instance, new technology at the workplace creates new work not covered by the existing collective agreement. On both occasions, the trade unions can take industrial action against the employer in order to obtain a collective agreement.
The collective labour law deals primarily with conflicts of rights. Conflicts of interests are mainly of a political–economic nature.
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
Source |
|
Working days lost per 1000 employees |
4.1 |
372.1 |
6.8 |
3.7 |
5.8 |
10.5 |
Own calculations based on number of lost working days |
Number of strikes |
225 |
197 |
318 |
158 |
144 |
426 |
Statistics Denmark, Work stoppages, ABST1 |
Number of workers involved |
8,589 |
75,319 |
10,616 |
6,054 |
6,997 |
16,953 |
Idem |
Number of lost working days |
10,200 |
930,300 |
16,900 |
9,400 |
15,400 |
28,100 |
Idem |
Source: Statistics Denmark, StatBank ABST1
Danish collective dispute resolution mechanisms consist of a number of out-of-court resolution mechanisms (different meetings between the involved parties and organisations) combined with the labour court system consisting of the Industrial Arbitration Tribunals and the Labour Court.
First the parties at workplace and secondly the social partners have an obligation to resolve the conflict before it goes to court. This happens through meetings between the parties.
If the case concerns a breach of the collective agreement, it must in the end be referred to the Labour Court (Arbejdsretten). On the other hand, if there is disagreement concerning the interpretation of the agreement, the dispute must be settled by industrial arbitration tribunals.
The main individual dispute resolution mechanism is the civil court. Only collective disputes are taken up by the labour court system. Thus, in case the union of the complainant, if any union involved does not want to take the case, the only possibility for the individual is to take the case to the civil court.
There is no information available in any kind of statistics about how often alternative dispute resolutions are used. The labour market organisations are not counting them or otherwise reporting them to a common body or higher authority. However, it is widely recognised that many disputes are solved before they reach the official Labour Court system.
Individual employment relations
Individual employment relations are the relationship between the individual worker and their employer. This relationship is shaped by legal regulation and by the outcomes of social partner negotiations over the terms and conditions governing the employment relationship .
This section looks into the start and termination of the employment relationship and entitlements and obligations in Denmark.
When employing a new employee for longer than a month with an average weekly working time of more than eight hours, it is obligatory to draw up an employment contract.
The employment contract has to be issued within four weeks of the start of the employment relationship. These conditions are set out in the pace-setting Industrial Agreement.
As a rule, children under 13 are not allowed to do paid work. Compensation might be given in connection with cultural activities. Applications to pay someone under the age of 13 are sent to the police. Rules concerning work for 13–15 year olds and below 13 are administered by the Danish Working Environment Authority.
It is the employer’s right according to the managerial prerogative to dismiss employees if necessary in connection with the organisation of work in the company. Disputes about allegedly unfair individual dismissals can be taken by the unions to the Dismissals Board, which is a board set up by the social partners in line with collective agreement provisions. Individuals who are not members of agreement-signing unions can appeal their dismissal in the Civil Courts.
Dismissals and termination procedures are laid down in legislation as well as in collective agreements. Termination procedures mainly deal with the notice period and, for some, collective agreements on severance pay. The main act covering dismissals of salaried employees is the Act on the legal relationship between the employers and salaried employees ( Funktionærloven - Consolidation Act no. 81 of 3 February 2009). The main act covering collective dismissals is the Act on the notification in case of collective redundancies (Consolidation Act no. 291 of 22 March 2010). The notice periods laid down in the collective agreements are in general short.
Provisions on parental, maternity and paternity leave are laid down in collective agreements as well as in legislation for those not covered by a collective agreement. Basically, the employees on leave in relation to a birth receive full pay for the agreed period of the leave. The uptake of paternity leave has been growing the last decade.
Maternity leave |
|
Maximum duration |
According to the pace-setting collective agreement, the Industry Agreement, women with nine month’s seniority in the job have the right to maternity leave with full pay from four weeks before the expected day of giving birth and up to 14 weeks afterwards. Fathers have the right to two weeks’ paid leave after the birth. |
Reimbursement |
Full pay |
Who pays? |
The employer. It is a precondition for the paid maternity/paternity leave that the employer receives compensation from the state equivalent to the maximum unemployment benefit. |
Legal basis |
Collective agreement |
Parental leave |
|
Maximum duration |
After the 14 weeks, the employer pays a further 11 weeks’ leave, with both parents having the right to four weeks each. The remaining three weeks’ leave can be taken by either the mother or the father. The part of the 11 weeks’ leave granted to each of the parents cannot be traded between them and if not taken the payment is cancelled. |
Reimbursement |
Full pay |
Who pays? |
The employer |
Legal basis |
Collective agreement |
Paternity leave |
|
Maximum duration |
The father has the right, but not the duty, to take two weeks’ paternity leave in connection with the birth. After the first 14 weeks, the father has the right to four additional weeks – and the possibility to take another three weeks. The Act on Maternity Leave (Consolidation Act no 872 of 29-04-2015) – Barselsloven covering those not covered by collective agreement – the rules are the same for the first 4+14 weeks. The parents receive a parental leave benefit during the period. The maximum is €580 a week. After the 14 weeks, both parents can obtain a further 32 weeks of leave, or 64 weeks together. However, it is only for half of the 64 weeks that the parent receives maternity leave benefit. The act requires that the mother or father receiving benefit has been working for the last 13 weeks before the child’s birth. |
Reimbursement |
Full pay |
Who pays? |
The employer |
Legal basis |
Collective agreement |
According to the pace-setting collective agreement, the Industry Agreement, five weeks sick leave with full pay is granted to employees with six months of seniority in a company. After five weeks of sickness the employer pays another four weeks sick leave. Most agreements follow a similar practice.
The Act on Sickness Benefit (Consolidation Act no 871 of 28 June 2013 – Sygedagpengeloven) concerns those not covered by collective agreement, including the self-employed. The employer pays the first 30 days of leave, and then the municipality takes over the responsibility for sick pay in relation to the act.
The retirement age for receiving state pension (old age pension) has in general been increased from 65 years to 67 over a period of three years. For those born before the second half of 1953, the pension age is still 65. For those born after this time the pension age increases by six months every six months, as the table demonstrates
Year of birth |
Retirement age |
1954 (first half) |
65.5 |
1954 (second half) |
66 |
1955 (first half) |
66.5 |
1955(second half) |
67 |
1963 (first half of) until 1966 (second half) |
68 |
For those born after 1 January 1967, the retirement age is not yet settled in the parliament; as of December 2018 it is still under discussion. The retirement age will be settled by law every five years (the next occasion in 2020). So far, it is foreseen that the pension age will increase in line with life expectancy, rising every three years. Hence, for people born in the years 1967–1970 the retirement age is 69 years; in the years 1971–1974 it is 70 years, and for those born 1975–1978 it is 71 years. Those who are born after 1 January 1979 can anticipate a retirement age of 72 years, which will be the highest in Europe. However, as mentioned, this must first be passed by law. As of January 2019, politicians, social partners and NGOs are discussing the issue (as well as a a differentiated retirement age), but no agreement is in sight.
The voluntary early retirement age is about to be phased out. At the end of 2018, it was still 60 years for those born before the second half of 1953. Then it is rises incrementally for those born after this, reaching age 64 for those born in the second half of 1959 and 65 years for those born between January 1963 and December 1966.
Pay
Pay: For workers, the reward for work and main source of income; for employers, a cost of production and focus of bargaining and legislation. This section looks into minimum wage setting in Denmark and guides the reader to further material on collective wage bargaining.
Men |
Women |
Total |
Men |
Women |
Total |
|
A Agriculture, forestry and fishing |
177.08 |
206.49 |
183.3 |
211.61 |
237 |
214.6 |
B Mining and quarrying |
270.85 |
260.65 |
269.13 |
260.16 |
243.13 |
257.3 |
C Manufacturing |
214.85 |
196.44 |
209.93 |
233.35 |
222.37 |
230.62 |
D Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply |
285.08 |
228.12 |
268.37 |
332.9 |
263.41 |
311.91 |
E Water supply, waste management |
201.66 |
198.91 |
201.38 |
216.1 |
225.92 |
218 |
F Construction |
205.22 |
192.8 |
204.28 |
219.17 |
211.68 |
218.62 |
G Wholesale and retail trade |
203.54 |
166.09 |
189.05 |
212.88 |
176.84 |
198.8 |
H Transport and storage |
197.42 |
191.37 |
195.64 |
207.84 |
208.12 |
207.9 |
I Accommodation and food service activities |
157.83 |
152.05 |
154.38 |
162.4 |
160.3 |
161.12 |
J Information and communication |
289.17 |
237.28 |
271.48 |
309.85 |
258.48 |
292.89 |
K Financial and insurance activities |
325.85 |
256.1 |
283.48 |
358.97 |
286.03 |
317.82 |
L Real estate activities |
203.99 |
200.6 |
202.79 |
219.42 |
220.06 |
219.72 |
M Professional, scientific and technical activities |
290.34 |
220.28 |
255.21 |
306.15 |
243.94 |
276.32 |
N Administrative and support service activities |
184.79 |
164.28 |
175.38 |
193.54 |
181.58 |
189.36 |
O Public administration and defence; compulsory social security |
234.87 |
215.45 |
224.6 |
247.73 |
233.89 |
240.52 |
P Education |
245.45 |
230.84 |
237.19 |
260.44 |
251.91 |
254.84 |
Q Human health and social work activities |
203.33 |
194.18 |
195.54 |
216.94 |
211.65 |
212.46 |
R Arts, entertainment and recreation |
202.32 |
196.42 |
199.17 |
212.97 |
206.71 |
210.05 |
S Other service activities |
246.71 |
220.26 |
230.87 |
251.39 |
236.59 |
241.89 |
Source: StatBank Denmark, SLON40 (2011) and LON40 (2016).
In Denmark, the minimum wage is set by collective agreement at sector level. There is no statutory national minimum wage, nor is a single national minimum wage set by collective agreement. Thus, minimum wages are only determined by the social partners at individual sector level.
For more information regarding the level and development of minimum wages, please see:
For more detailed information on the most recent outcomes in terms of collectively agreed pay, please see:
Working time
Working time: ‘Any period during which the worker is working, at the employer’s disposal and carrying out his activities or duties, in accordance with national laws and/or practice’ (Directive 2003/88/EC). This section briefly summarises regulation and issues regarding working time, overtime, part-time work as well as working time flexibility in Denmark.
Working time is mainly regulated by collective bargaining. The exception is the Holiday Act (Ferieloven) that secures all employees five weeks of annual leave, and the minimum resting hours (11 hours) guaranteed in the Act on the working environment (Arbejdsmiljøloven), The most important level regarding regulation of working time in the collective agreements is the sectoral level. One significant exception is the Industrial Agreement. A paragraph in the agreement allows the company level to deviate from the sector agreement and decide their own working hours provided that both parties at company level agree. Thus, the company level is the most important level under the Industrial Agreement.
For more detailed information on working time (including annual leave, statutory and collectively agreed working time), please consult:
Overtime is regulated by collective agreements. Working overtime means to work more than the single weekly agreed working time due to some degree of force majeure. Overtime is either paid according to the time of the day for the extra work, or it can be taken as time off in lieu. The latter prevails in the public sector, where paid overtime is rare.
Agreed flexible working time cannot exceed 48 hours as stipulated in the Working Time Directive. No opt-out option is included.
Part-time work is regulated by both collective agreement and by supplementary legislation building on the part-time work Directive in areas where there is no collective agreement. Part-time working hours can also be agreed individually between the employer and employee.
Since 2012, part-time work has constituted an average of around 21% of total employment each year. The crisis did not result in significant changes in this pattern. Put in an EU-wide perspective, part-time work in Denmark is generally higher than the EU average. In 2018, the share of total employment on part-time in Denmark stood at 21.5% while the EU average was 18.5%.
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
|
Total (EU28) |
18.6 |
19 |
19 |
19 |
18.9 |
18.7 |
18.5 |
Total (Denmark) |
20.9 |
20.9 |
20.9 |
20.9 |
22.3 |
21.5 |
21.1 |
Women (EU28) |
31.4 |
31.8 |
31.7 |
31.5 |
31.4 |
31.1 |
30.8 |
Women (Denmark) |
31.9 |
31.6 |
31.2 |
30.9 |
32.9 |
31.4 |
31 |
Men (EU28) |
7.7 |
8.1 |
8.2 |
8.2 |
8.2 |
8.1 |
8 |
Men (Denmark) |
10.9 |
11.2 |
11.7 |
12 |
12.7 |
12.4 |
12.1 |
Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey [lfsi_pt_a] – Persons employed part-time (20 to 64 years of age) – total and by sex.
Involuntary part-time workers can be defined as those working part-time because they could not find a full-time job.
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
|
Total (EU28) |
27.7 |
29.3 |
29.6 |
29.1 |
27.7 |
26.4 |
24.8 |
Total (Denmark) |
17.5 |
18.3 |
16.9 |
15.7 |
13.8 |
13.8 |
12.1 |
Women (EU28) |
24.5 |
26 |
26.3 |
25.7 |
24.6 |
23.2 |
22.1 |
Women (Denmark) |
19.2 |
19.7 |
18.3 |
16.9 |
14.6 |
14.3 |
12.7 |
Men (EU28) |
38.5 |
39.9 |
40.2 |
39.9 |
37.6 |
36.2 |
33.4 |
Men (Denmark) |
13.8 |
15.2 |
14 |
13.4 |
12.2 |
12.8 |
10.9 |
Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey [lfsa_eppgai]- involuntary part-time employment as a percentage of the total part-time employment, by sex and age (20 to 64 years of age)
The European Working Time is implemented in the Industrial Agreement (Organisation agreement about implementing the EU Working Time Directive). The definition of night work is a period of seven hours and must encompass the period between midnight and 05.00. If no local agreement is concluded, the night period is from 22.00 to 05.00. (Industrial Agreement).
A night worker is an employee that works three hours of the daily working time in the night-time period (from the Industrial Agreement).
Shift work is work according to a work schedule for working in teams, whereby employees take over from each other at the same job function in a rotating pattern, and where each employee usually works at different times in three shifts over a given period of days or weeks (Industrial Agreement).
Weekend work is organised in a pre-agreed work plan including one or more teams. The work plan must specify which days are not worked The working week is 24 hours, usually placed on Saturdays and Sundays by 12 hours each day.
Weekend workers may not have other paid employment (Industrial Agreement).
The rest period is the period that is not working time. Rest and break periods of different length follow the prevailing rules in the Act of the Working Environment of 23 May 2002. Planning of daily breaks may be agreed at company level. No break can be of less than 10 minutes (Industrial Agreement).
Working time flexibility, understood as ‘flexi time’, is regulated by collective agreement or in individual contracts. Flexible working hours are normally to be placed within the times of 06.00 to 18.00, but can also be agreed for shifts.
Health and well-being
Maintaining health and well-being should be a high priority for workers and employers alike. Health is an asset closely associated with a person’s quality of life and longevity, as well as their ability to work. A healthy economy depends on a healthy workforce: organisations can experience loss of productivity through the ill-health of their workers. This section looks into psychosocial risks and health and safety in Denmark.
The regulation of health and safety and the working environment is mostly done by legislation – in this case the Act on the Working Environment (Consolidation Act no 268 of 18 March 2005 – Arbejdsmiljøloven). The main areas of the legislation are performance of the work, the design of the workplace, technical equipment, substances and materials, rest periods and young persons under the age of 18. It is the responsibility of the employer to ensure that the working conditions are safe and sound in any way as emphasised in The Working Environment Act.
Since 2011, there has been a decline in the number of accidents, particularly from 2014–2015 where the number of accidents fell by 7.9% to a total number of 29,426 accidents. In 2016, the number stood at 29,888, 2.2% higher than in the previous year.
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
|
All accidents |
47,876 |
37,725 |
37,393 |
34,333 |
34,245 |
32,868 |
31,770 |
29,246 |
29,888 |
Percent change on previous year |
-21.2 |
-0.9 |
-8.2 |
-0.3 |
-4.0 |
-3.3 |
-7.9 |
2.2 |
|
Per 1,000 employees |
18.4 |
15.0 |
15.2 |
14.0 |
14.0 |
13.4 |
12.8 |
11.6 |
11.6 |
Source: Eurostat, [hsw_mi01] and [lfsa_eegaed]
Figures from the national statistical office show that the total number of accidents (including accidents with less than four days’ absence) in 2017 was 42,344.
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
|
All accidents |
42,516 |
41,711 |
41,347 |
40,651 |
42,301 |
42,043 |
42,344 |
Source: Danish Working Environment Authority (WEA)
The Act on the Working Environment (Consolidation Act no 268 of 18 March 2005 – Arbejdsmiljøloven) includes psychosocial as well as physical health and well-being.
All workplaces must have a workplace assessment (APV) and in contrast to the shop steward who is elected on a voluntary basis, a working environment representative elected among the employees is obligatory in companies with more than 10 employees.
The social partners and the government also finance the Sectoral Working Environment Committee’s (BFA)) activities targeting the working environment in five sectors covering the labour market. The Committee does not regulate, but gives advice and guidance to ensure health and well-being at work.
Work intensity
There was a peak in work intensity in 2005. In 2000 and 2010 the level was around 59–60%. A reasonable explanation for the decline in work intensity was the financial crisis.
Long working hours is an issue for almost half of the labour force. There has been an increase in long working hours between 2000 and 2010.
Skills, learning and employability
Skills are the passport to employment; the better skilled an individual, the more employable they are. Good skills also tend to secure better-quality jobs and better earnings. This section briefly summarises the Danish system for ensuring skills and employability and looks into the extent of training.
The Danish vocational education and training programmes are alternating or ‘sandwich-type’ programmes, where practical training in a company alternates with teaching at a vocational college.
The Ministry of Education has the overall parliamentary, economic and legal responsibility for vocational education and training, which is regulated under the Act on Vocational Education (Consolidation Act No. 439 of 29 April 2013 – Erhvervsuddannelsesloven).
Responsibility for the content, length and structure of the individual educations is divided between the Ministry of Education, the Council for Initial Vocational Education and Training, the Vocational Committees of the individual programmes and the institutions for vocational education and training (vocational colleges), which is approved to offer training.
The Vocational Committees (faglige udvalg) are bipartite committees with representation of the social partners. The vocational committees decide duration and structure of the training programmes, including the distribution of school and practical training in the different programmes.
Provisions about adult and continuing training are mainly laid down in the collective agreements supplemented with legislation on adult vocational training.
See above for the regulation on training.
Work organisation
Work organisation underpins economic and business development and has important consequences for productivity, innovation and working conditions. Eurofound research finds that some types of work organisation are associated with a better quality of work and employment. Therefore, developing or introducing different forms of work organisation are of particular interest because of the expected effects on productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of companies, as well as on workers’ working conditions. Ongoing research by Eurofound, based on EurWORK, the European Working Conditions Survey and the European Company Survey, monitors developments in work organisation.
More information on:
For Denmark, the European Company Survey 2013 shows that between 2010 and 2013, 59% of establishments with 10 or more employees reported changes in the use of technology, 49% introduced changes in ways to coordinate and allocate the work to workers, and 20% saw changes in their working time arrangements.
According to the managerial prerogative, the manager has to right to manage and distribute work. However, even though no hard data exist on employees’ co-determination and participation in innovative work organisation, there is a trend in Danish companies towards involving the employees, in groups or individually, in the work organisation of the company. The rationale behind this is that flexible working conditions and participation have an influence not only on productivity, but also on innovative changes in the work processes and/or products of the company.
Equality and non-discrimination at work
The principle of equal treatment requires that all people, and in the context of the workplace all workers, have the right to receive the same treatment, and will not be discriminated against on the basis of criteria such as age, disability, nationality, sex, race and religion.
Discrimination at work is regulated by the Act on Prohibition on Discrimination at the Labour Market (Consolidation Act no 1349 of 16 December 2008 – Forskelsbehandlingsloven), which basically follows the European standards. Discrimination is understood under this act as any direct or indirect discrimination based on race, colour, religion or belief, political opinion, sexual orientation, age, disability or national, social or ethnic origin.
Cases of discrimination are dealt with by the Committee of Equal Treatment (Ligebehandlingsnævnet) and cases can also be brought in the normal juridical system.
The latest figures from Statistics Denmark show that on average men earn 13% more than women. The gender pay gap has slightly decreased for the last 10 years, from 15.6% in 2008 to 13.0% in 2017. The main reason for this pay gap is that the Danish labour market is still rather gender-segregated.
Formally, the issue of equal pay was introduced in the agreements of 1973. Since then, the agreements have not distinguished between men and women. However, in 2003, DA and LO published a joint report on gender equality in the labour market which was the result of a bipartite investigation into the gender pay gap. In 2014, The Danish National Centre for Social Research published a report on the extent and development of the gender segregation in Danish labour market from 1993 to 2013.
According to the Act on a gender based wage statistics, an employer with at least 35 employees must prepare gender-specific wage statistics where a minimum of 10 employees of each gender are employed, measured in accordance with the six-digit DISCO code.
The law has been criticised for its high thresholds which release a large number of companies from the obligation, given that company size in Denmark is generally small. More than 70% of companies have fewer than 35 employees, and of those with more, not all employ at least 10 of each gender.
In Denmark, there are no legal obligations for specific quotas for the employment or appointment of people from certain groups in the labour market, including supervisory boards.
Working life links
Organisations spelled in lower case do not have an official name in English, but are translations by the author e.g. Danish plumbers’ union
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