Correspondents in Norway
Correspondents report on topics related to developments in the country's working life and inform Eurofound’s pan-European comparative analysis. Read more
Living and working in Norway
20 May 2020
- Population: 5.3 million (2019)
- Real GDP growth: 1.3% (2018)
- Unemployment rate: 3.9% (2018)
Data source: Eurostat
Eurofound provides research, data and analysis on a wide range of social and work-related topics. This information is largely comparative, but also offers country-specific information for each of the 28 EU Member States - and in some cases Norway - which included the UK prior to its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020. Most information is available in English but some has been translated to facilitate access at national level.
Norway has a bilateral agreement with Eurofound and pays to be included in the European Working Conditions Survey, participating since 2000 (previous four editions). It also participated in the second edition of the European Quality of Life Survey in 2007–2008. Norway also acts as observers for the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) on Eurofound’s Governing Board. Furthermore, Eurofound maintains a Network of European Correspondents covering all EU Member States plus Norway, which provides expert national input relevant for the European debate. Via the network, Eurofound’s European Restructuring Monitor also monitors the employment impact of large-scale restructuring events, restructuring support instruments and restructuring-related legislation in the EU Member States and Norway.
2015 Eurofound EWCS survey results in Norway: 94% of people are satisfied with working conditions in their job
Living and working in Norway and COVID-19
COVID-19 continues to have a profound impact on people’s lives across the globe, with major implications for quality of life and work. Eurofound has taken a multipronged response to the pandemic, adapting its research focus in a variety of ways. A new database of national-level policy responses, COVID-19 EU PolicyWatch, collates information on measures taken by government and social partners, as well as company practices, aiming to cushion the effects of the crisis. Eurofound launched an e-survey in early April, Living, working and COVID-19, to capture the immediate economic and social effects of the crisis across the European Union and beyond. The survey investigates the impact on well-being, work and telework and on the financial situation of people living in Europe. The first findings for each country, as well as a range of data pages are now available.
Explore our data pages by country to find out more on the situation in Norway.
Research carried out prior to 31 January 2020, and published subsequently, may include data relating to the 28 EU Member States. Following this date, research only takes into account the 27 EU Member States (EU28 minus the UK), unless specified otherwise.
Eurofound contacts in Norway
Recent developments
Working life in Norway
About
- Author: Kristin Alsos, Berit Bakke and Åsmund Arup Seip
- Institution: Fafo
- Published on: Monday, November 18, 2019
This profile describes the key characteristics of working life in Norway. It aims to complement other EurWORK research by providing the relevant background information on the structures, institutions and relevant regulations regarding working life. This includes indicators, data and regulatory systems on the following aspects: actors and institutions, collective and individual employment relations, health and well-being, pay, working time, skills and training, and equality and non-discrimination at work. The profiles are updated annually.
Highlights – Working life in 2019
Highlights – Working life in 2019
Highlights updated on: 3 March 2020
For more information, see working paper:
Norway: Developments in working life 2018
Workplace violence was a significant topic in Norway in 2019. At the beginning of the year, the National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI) reported that 15% of primary school teachers report violence or threats at work. At the end of the year, it was revealed that 31% of workers in long-term nursing homes for elderly people are in the same position. The national average for all employees is 6.6%.
Despite the occasional grumble about ailing tripartite cooperation, 2019 had several good examples of cooperation among the social partners and the state. As planned, in March an expert committee ( Sysselsettingsutvalget) appointed in 2018 to develop measures to increase employment was extended to include representatives from the social partners. Reducing the number of people outside the workforce is seen as necessary to maintain generous social benefits and make the welfare state resilient to the impact of an ageing population.
Another committee, also with representatives from the social partners, was appointed in August to investigate the regulation of different types of employment relationships. Regular employment constitutes a crucial element of the social welfare system, and none of the social partners want to see the employment relationship dissolve or change without ensuring that the regulation of welfare benefits are adjusted in a way that guarantees a decent working life and social security.
The new platform economy, involving companies like Uber and Foodora, is often seen as a threat to the traditional employment relationship. Hence, the strike among bicycle couriers in the Norwegian branch of the international food delivery service, Foodora, was one of the highlights of this year’s working life. Foodora made the decision to offer an employment contract to its couriers and was open to negotiating an agreement. However, Foodora refused to enter into the existing collective agreement covering the transport industry, claiming it operates under small margins. It took several weeks of industrial action before the parties could sign a collective agreement. Over 100 bicycle couriers joined the Norwegian United Federation of Trade Unions (Fellesforbundet) and took part in the strike. Finally, the parties reached a settlement that included a winter supplement payable for three months and a per-delivery bicycle equipment allowance. Foodora’s chief executive in Norway, Carl Tengberg, called it a ‘modern [collective] agreement’ and the leader of the union said the agreement ‘sets a whole new and important standard for future working life’.
Key figures
Key figures
Comparative figures on working life in Norway
|
2012 |
2017 |
% (point) change |
||||
|
Norway |
EU28 |
Norway |
EU28 |
Norway |
EU28 |
|
|
GDP per capita |
67000 |
25700 |
68900 |
27600 |
2.8% |
7.4% |
|
Unemployment rate – total |
3.3 |
10.5 |
4.2 |
7.6 |
0.9 |
-2.9 |
|
Unemployment rate – women |
2.9 |
10.6 |
3.7 |
7.9 |
0.8 |
-2.7 |
|
Unemployment rate – men |
3.7 |
10.4 |
4.6 |
7.4 |
0.9 |
-3.0 |
|
Unemployment rate – youth |
8.8 |
23.3 |
10.7 |
16.8 |
1.9 |
-6.5 |
|
Employment rate – total |
78.2 |
71.7 |
77.3 |
73.4 |
-O.9 |
1.7 |
|
Employment rate – women |
75.8 |
65.5 |
75.2 |
67.9 |
0.2 |
2.4 |
|
Employment rate – men |
80.6 |
77.8 |
79.3 |
78.9 |
-1.3 |
1.1 |
|
Employment rate – youth |
57.0 |
42.4 |
53.7 |
41.7 |
-3.3 |
-0.7 |
Source: Eurostat - Real GDP per capita (chain linked volumes [2010], in EUR) and percentage change 2012-2017 (both based on tsdec100). Unemployment rate by sex and age - annual average, % [une_rt_a]; Employment rate by sex and age - annual average, % [lfsi _emp_a].
Background
Background
Economic and labour market context
Between 2012 and 2017, Norway's GDP grew 2.8%, and the country remained one of the most prosperous in Europe. Unemployment levels grew slightly during this time, increasing most among young people (1.9 percentage points) and the rates for all categories were much lower than the EU averages. Youth unemployment stood at 10.7% in 2017, compared with an EU average of 16.8%. Employment levels stayed high during the five years, but with a very slight decrease for men and youth employment rates. Total employment in 2017 was 77.3%, higher than the EU average of 73.4% for the same year.
More information on:
- European Commission: EURES - living and working in Norway
- European Industrial Relations Dictionary: Undeclared work
- Data - Tackling undeclared work in Europe
Legal context
The Working Environment Act (Arbeidsmiljøloven) is the main piece of legislation concerned with the rights of the individual employee. The Act establishes the general requirements with regard to the working environment, including health and safety. The Act also regulates matters such as employment protection, protection against discrimination, employee rights in relation to transfers of undertakings, as well as rights of information and consultation of employees (that are not covered by collective agreements).
The Labour Disputes Act (Arbeidstvistloven) includes rules for mediation and the use of the Labour Court for disputes in terms of collective agreements and industrial conflicts. For the state sector, the Civil Service Disputes Act (Tjenestetvistloven) mandates collective bargaining and procedures for mediation and arbitration. Municipal employees and employers fall under the same labour law provisions as the private sector. Basic agreements formed by trade unions and employer organisations complement Norwegian labour law by defining overall aims as well as a set of principles and procedures that regulate the relationship between the labour market parties in all sectors.
Industrial relations context
The system of collective bargaining evolved during the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, and the first national collective agreement was formed in 1907. A statutory framework came into place in 1915 and the first basic agreement between the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (Landsorganisasjonen i Norge, LO) and the employer organisation NAF was concluded in 1935.
The Norwegian industrial relations system is a centralised one. Strong confederations on both the employee and employer side, together with the nationwide trade union federations and employers’ organisations, play an important role in collective bargaining. Industry-level collective agreements dominate, but they are supplemented by company-level negotiations under peace duty in large parts of the private sector.
Collective bargaining is based on the frontrunner or trend-setting industries model. The rationale has been, and still is, that the framework for wage increases is determined by the price increase in the international export markets and productivity increases in the export industries. In addition, currency rates influence the competitiveness of the export industries, and monetary regime (and changes in this) is an important factor in the model too. Public institutions are important in the coordination process.
Actors and institutions
Actors and institutions
Trade unions, employers’ organisations and public institutions play a key role in the governance of the employment relationship, working conditions and industrial relations structures. They are interlocking parts in a multilevel system of governance that includes the European, national, sectoral, regional (provincial or local) and company levels. This section looks into the main actors and institutions and their role in Norway.
Public authorities involved in regulating working life
The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs has the administrative responsibility for the Working Environment Act and the Labour Dispute Act, and for institutions such as the Labour Inspectorate Authority, the Labour Court and the National Mediator, and tripartite bodies such as the Norwegian Technical Calculation Committee for Wage Settlements and the Advisory Committee on Labour Market and Pension Issues. The authorities’ role is to partly facilitate coordination and to provide the regulatory framework for wage bargaining, as well as setting up institutions that can resolve disputes. Normally, state involvement in wage settlements will be a matter for the government and the prime minister, and such decisions are normally made on ad hoc basis and by request from the bargaining parties. In previous periods of economic downturns, cooperation on income policy has taken the form of social pacts. The authorities will also get involved in a labour dispute if it endangers life and health or society. In such cases, the Minister of Labour would discuss the situation with the public authority responsible for the sector as well as the Norwegian Board of Health Supervision.
The Working Environment Act is divided into public law provisions enforced by the Labour Inspection Authority, and private law provisions enforced by the employee. In order to enforce their private legal rights, employees have to bring their case in front of the court. Collective agreements are enforced by the social partners and brought to the Labour Court. For some provisions in the Working Environment Act, decisions are made by a committee (Tvisteløsningsnemnda), but the decision can be appealed to the courts. Rights that can be put in front of the committee are related to working time schedules, leave and priority rights for part-time workers. The committee is composed of a neutral leader plus two members from the employer side and two members from the trade union side.
The Labour Inspection Authority (Arbeidstilsynet) is a government agency under the authority of the Ministry of Labour. The task of the Labour Inspection Authority is to ensure that enterprises comply with the public law regulations of the Working Environment Act through, for example, information, guidance and supervision. The Labour Inspection Authority can also approve working time arrangements that depart from the Working Environment Act, within limits. The inspectorate has tasks relating to other Acts too. Over the last few years, the authority’s activities have increased, as they have been given an important role in the supervision of pay and working conditions in industries with general applicable collective agreements.
Provisions in collective agreements can be extended to apply to all persons performing work within an industry or a geographic area in accordance to the General Application Act. The decision to do so is taken by the Tariff Board (Tariffnemnda) which is an independent administrative body. It consists of five members – one chair, two neutral members, and one member from each of the peak confederations for employers and trade unions. The aim of the act is partly to ensure foreign employees terms of wages and employment equal to those of Norwegian employees (§1-1).
Representativeness
More information on representativeness of the main social partner organisations can be found in Eurofound’s representativeness study of the cross-industry social partners or in Eurofound’s sectoral representativeness studies.
- Publication: Representativeness of the social partners in the European cross-industry social dialogue
- Topic: Representativeness
Trade unions
About trade union representation
The right to join a trade union is protected by the Constitution § 101, which covers all kinds of workers. Trade union density in Norway was 52% in 2014. Union density has seen a slight decrease since the early 1990s, when it was 57%, but it has remained stable over the last 10 years (Nergaard, 2016). Union density levels vary considerably between industries and sectors. Density is highest in the public sector and manufacturing industries. In parts of the private services sector, including retail trade and hotels and restaurants, only 20–25% of workers are unionised (2014).
Trade union membership and trade union density
|
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
Source |
|
|
Trade union density in terms of active employees |
49 |
49 |
49 |
49 |
49 |
49 |
Nergaard 2017 |
|
Trade union membership in 1,000s (total including non-active) |
1,688 |
1,727 |
1,745 |
1,778 |
1,793 |
1,814 |
Nergaard 2017 |
Main trade union confederations and federations
The Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) is the largest trade union confederation, with 26 affiliated trade unions and about half of all unionised workers. The second largest confederation is the Confederation of Unions for Professionals (Unio), whose 13 member associations include mainly professional groups in the public sector, including teachers, nurses, police officers and employees in research and higher education. The two
other main trade union confederations are the Federation of Norwegian Professional Associations (Akademikerne) and the Confederation of Vocational Unions (Yrkesorganisasjonenes Sentralforbund, YS). Akademikerne organises employees with higher academic education, including doctors, lawyers and technical professionals such as graduate engineers. YS is in direct competition with LO over many groups of workers, but has traditionally had a larger proportion of white-collar workers among its membership base.
Norway’s largest trade union federation is the LO-affiliated Norwegian Union of Municipal and General Employees (Fagforbundet), followed by the LO-affiliated Norwegian United Federation of Trade Unions (Fellesforbundet) and, thirdly, the Norway Union of Education (Utdanningsforbundet), which is a member of Unio.
Main trade union confederations and federations
|
Long name |
Abbreviation |
Members |
Involved in collective bargaining |
|
Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (Landsorganisasjonen i Norge) |
LO |
917,122 (2016) |
Yes |
|
Confederation of Unions for Professionals (Unio) |
Unio |
349,219 (2016) |
Yes |
|
Federation of Norwegian Professional Associations (Akademikerne) |
Akademikerne |
199,174(2016) |
Yes |
|
Confederation of Vocational Unions (Yrkesorganisasjonenes Sentralforbund) |
YS |
215,591 (2016) |
Yes |
Source: Statistics Norway: Nergaard 2017, unpublished update of Nergaard 2016
The number of trade unions has declined slightly over time. There were 132 national trade unions in 1975, but that number had dropped to 88 unions by 2013. The smaller trade unions in particular have disappeared, mainly through mergers, but there have also been mergers between larger unions. This trend has continued during the last four years, as some unions that used to be outside the confederations have joined in.
Employers’ organisations
About employers’ representation
Companies do not have to join an employers’ organisation, but rather they do so voluntarily. Companies can be members of an employers’ organisation without being bound by a collective agreement. Organisational density on the employer side in the private sector has increased somewhat over time. Whereas the employer density rate was estimated at around 50% in 1995, the 2014 estimate was approximately 67%. Larger companies are more often members of an employers’ organisation, while the organisational density rate among smaller businesses is lower. If the public sector is included, the density is between 75% and 80% (2014).
The increase in employer density has not led to a similar increase in collective bargaining cover, indicating that many of the new members are not bound by collective agreements.
Employers’ organisations – membership and density
|
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 | 2016 |
Source |
|
|
Employers’ organisation density in private sector establishments* |
70% |
72% |
71% |
75% | 74% |
Statistics Norway, Employers’ organisations, 2017 |
* Percentage of employees working in an establishment that is a member of any employers’ organisation that is involved in collective bargaining.
Main employers’ organisations
The largest employers’ organisation in the private sector is the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise (Næringslivets Hovedorganisasjon, NHO). NHO organises around 22,500 member companies, with about 624,000 workers in industries such as manufacturing, construction and parts of private services.
Main employers’ organisations and confederations
|
Long name |
Abbreviation |
Members |
Year |
Involved in collective bargaining |
|
Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise (Næringslivets Hovedorganisasjon) |
NHO |
24,730 |
2016 |
Yes |
|
Enterprise Federation of Norway (Virke) |
Virke |
20,537 | 2016 |
Yes |
|
The Employers’ Association Spekter (Arbeidsforeningen Spekter) |
Spekter |
226 |
2016 |
Yes |
|
Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities (KS) |
KS |
926 |
2016 |
Yes |
Source: Statistics Norway, Employers’ organisations, 2017.
Tripartite and bipartite bodies and concertation
Norway has a long tradition of different types of income policies and tripartite concertation. Such cooperation may take the form of social pacts, such as during the 1990s, or state aid to finalise negotiations, such as when the early retirement pension scheme was to be revised in connection with the 2008 wage agreement. The social partners also cooperate on other non-pay issues, such as the Inclusive Working Life Agreement (Inkluderende arbeidsliv, IA-agreement), which was first concluded in 2001 and has been renegotiated and extended several times since then.
Various bodies facilitate income policy cooperation and tripartite concertation. Employers and employees meet regularly in the government’s Contact Committee (Kontaktutvalget), where matters of importance for wage formation are discussed between the government and the labour market parties. Another important committee is the Arbeidslivs- og pensjonspolitisk råd, established as a forum between the government and the labour market parties for dialogue on issues such as the labour market and pensions. Moreover, the Technical Calculation Committee for Income Settlements (Teknisk beregningsutvalg for inntektsoppgjørene, TBU) generates and presents statistics on wage developments and other relevant issues prior to the annual wage agreements.
Employers and employees are also represented in a number of ad hoc public committees that handle matters that are relevant to working life.
Main tripartite and bipartite bodies
|
Name |
Type |
Level |
Issues covered |
|
Technical Calculation Committee (Det tekniske beregningsutvalget for inntektsoppgjørene,TBU) |
Tripartite |
National |
Contributes to a common understanding of the economic situation, which is seen as an imperative factor for the opening negotiations in the export sectors as well as for coordination across industries and sectors |
|
Contact Committee (Kontaktutvalget) |
Tripartite |
National |
Wage formation |
Workplace-level employee representation
The main channel of employee representation at workplace level is trade union representatives through a system of single channel representation. Different bodies are established at company level to accommodate the dialogue between the employer and the trade union representatives (contact committees, works councils, etc.). Shop stewards have an important role in workplace representation and they are consulted in matters that concern the workplace. They are elected in accordance with regulations in collective agreements.
Provisions in the Working Environment Act give employee representatives rights to information and consultation. Such representatives cover local trade union representatives, but they also cover other representatives that are not elected in accordance with collective agreements.
The Norwegian legal framework provides employees with the right to be represented on company boards and in general assemblies. Normally, if a local branch of a trade union is established at company level, its board will take the initiative to draw up a list of potential candidates for elections to company boards. Cooperation may take place between trade union representatives and health and safety representatives in the company in a similar way.
At workplace level, health and safety delegates and working environment committees established by law play an important role too.
Regulation, composition and competences of the bodies
|
Regulation |
Composition |
Competences of the body Involved in company level collective bargaining? |
Thresholds/rules when they need to be/can be set up |
|
|
Shop steward (Tillitstvalgt) |
Collective agreements (CA) |
The elected shop steward |
Yes |
If the company is bound by a collective agreement |
|
Working environment committees (Arbeidsmiljøutvalg, AMU) |
Law and CA |
HSE delegates and employer representatives |
No |
If the company has 50 employees or more, or if one side demands it and the company has 20 employees or more |
|
HSE representative (verneombud) |
Law and CA |
HSE representative |
No |
If the company has 10 employees or more |
|
Work councils (Bedriftsutvalg) |
CA |
Both sides. Number of members depends on the size of the company. |
To work for the most efficient production possible and for the maximum well-being of all who work in the enterprise. Can be joint with working environment committees. |
100 employees or more |
|
Departmental committees (Avdelingsutvalg) |
CA |
Decided by the parties |
Mainly the same as work councils, but only as regarding the department |
200 employees or more and independent departments under their own management with the authority to make decisions on matters concerning the department/smaller companies with departments scattered geographically |
|
Committees for group of companies (Konsernutvalg) |
CA |
A coordinating shop steward committee, bipartite committee of shop steward representatives and management, or others |
Mainly the same as work councils |
If there exists ‘an amalgamation of legally and/or administratively independent units (for example, limited companies and/or divisions) which financially and in part also administratively and commercially form one unit’, the parties ‘shall seek’ to establish such a committee |
Industrial action and disputes
Industrial action and disputes
Legal aspects
The right to use industrial action (arbeidskamp) is regulated by the Labour Disputes Act, which includes definitions of a strike and lockout. These terms also include blockades.
A strike (streik) is defined as ‘full or partial stoppage of work implemented by employees acting jointly or in concert in order to force resolution of a dispute between a trade union and an employer or employers’ association. Any action to block a company’s premises in order to prevent the labour force from working is also considered to be part of a strike.’
A lockout (lockout) is defined as ‘full or partial stoppage of work implemented by an employer in order to force resolution of a dispute between an employer or employers’ association and a trade union, regardless of whether other employees are hired to replace those locked out. Preventing the locked out employees from acquiring other work is also considered to be part of a lockout.’
The right to use industrial action is limited to conflicts of interests and where the dispute has been mediated.
Industrial action developments, 2012–2016
|
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
|
|
Working days lost, total |
360,643 |
10,849 |
148,009 |
23,329 |
165,798 |
|
Number of strikes (‘work stoppages’) |
11 |
6 |
10 |
n.a |
n.a. |
Source: Statistics Norway, Work stoppages
Dispute resolution mechanisms
Collective dispute resolution mechanisms
Norway has a system of compulsory mediation in connection with bargaining: if the parties involved fail to come to an agreement, the dispute will be subjected to a process of mediation. This arrangement is an integral part of the bargaining system, and the state-appointed mediator (the National Mediator) will often help the parties involved in the final stages of negotiations. The system is not controversial and receives broad support from the social partners.
The Norwegian parliament may intervene in a labour dispute by adopting an act of compulsory arbitration if the conflict is perceived to threaten the life and health of the population. The use of compulsory arbitration is often controversial, and the Norwegian government has had to be careful in recent years not to resort to compulsory arbitration too early in a labour dispute.
Disagreement in company-level negotiations is usually resolved with help from the national organisations or by using various dispute resolution mechanisms.
Disputes over the interpretation of, or compliance with, collective agreements will ultimately be a matter for the Labour Court, and it is the parties to the agreement themselves that may bring a case before the court.
Individual dispute resolution mechanisms
Private legal issues as related to the employment contract will normally be brought before the ordinary courts – for example, in the case of dismissal. In that type of case, unionised workers will often be entitled to legal support from their representative trade union.
Public legal issues, such as work environment issues or workplace safety, may be dealt with by the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority (Arbeidstilsynet) or the Petroleum Safety Authority Norway (Petroleumstilsynet) in the oil sector.
Dispute resolution commissions may also be used in some cases, and issues pertaining to discrimination may be brought before the Equality and Anti-discrimination Ombud (Likestillings- og diskrimineringsombudet, LDO) or Tvisteløsningsnemnda as regards, for instance, working time schedules, leave and priority rights for part-time workers.
The National Mediator handled 95 disputes in 2014, but this dropped to only 23 in the following year. The big difference is due to the fact that all collective agreements were renewed in 2014, while 2015 was a mid-term year where only pay was being negotiated.
Use of dispute resolution mechanisms
|
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 | |
|
National Mediator: total number of cases at national level |
91 |
17 |
95 |
23 |
114 |
|
National Mediator: total number of cases at regional level |
31 |
51 |
32 |
24 |
32 |
Source: National Mediator, Annual report 2016.
Individual employment relations
Individual employment relations
Individual employment relations are the relationship between the individual worker and their employer. This relationship is shaped by legal regulation and by the outcomes of social partner negotiations over the terms and conditions governing the employment relationship . This section looks into the start and termination of the employment relationship and entitlements and obligations in Norway.
Start and termination of the employment relationship
Requirements regarding an employment contract
Children under 15 years of age or children who are attending compulsory education will normally not be allowed to work. People under 18 must not perform work that may be detrimental to their safety, health, development or schooling. There are no formal requirements to enter an employment relationship for Norwegian workers or people from the EEA. A written contract of employment shall be entered into as early as possible and at the latest one month following commencement of the employment (Working Environment Act, section 14-5).
Dismissal and termination procedures
Dismissals shall be given in writing and respect the terms of notice in the Working Environment Act or collective or individual agreements. Notice should be given to the employee in person or forwarded to his or her address. The notice shall inform the employee of their rights when it comes to negotiations, legal proceedings and more. Employees may not be dismissed unless this is objectively justified on the basis of circumstances relating to the undertaking, the employer or the employee.
Entitlements and obligations
Parental, maternity and paternity leave
The right to parental and maternity leave is laid down in the Working Environment Act, while the right to payment is laid down in the National Insurance Act (or collective or individual agreements). The right to leave does not specify the period that can be taken by fathers only, but the entitlement to pay for parts of the period is connected to the father’s quota. The father’s quota was increased from 2005 to 2013, and by 1 July 2013 it was 14 weeks. The quota was then reduced by the government that has been in office from 2013 to 10 weeks.
Statutory leave arrangements
|
Maternity leave |
|
|
Maximum duration |
Up to 12 weeks during pregnancy, six weeks after birth, as well as share of parental leave. |
|
Reimbursement |
Three weeks prior to birth and a total of 10 weeks after birth is mandatory for mothers to gain reimbursement. Six of the 10 weeks must be taken immediately after birth. |
|
Who pays? |
National Insurance (and the employer if the parents are granted full payment above National Insurance level based on a collective or individual agreement). |
|
Legal basis |
Working Environment Act of 2005, chapter 12, and National Insurance Act of 1997, chapter 14. |
|
Parental leave |
|
|
Maximum duration |
12 months or more if benefits are paid by the National Insurance. In addition, each parent is entitled to leave for up to 12 months for each birth. |
|
Reimbursement |
49 weeks with 100% pay or 59 weeks with 80% pay (based on income, but not income exceeding six times the basic amount – in 2016 maximum pay was NOK555,456 or approximately €62,000). Multiple births: Additional five weeks for each child (100%) or seven weeks (80%). To be extended from 1 July 2018. |
|
Who pays? |
National Insurance (and the employer if the parents are granted full payment above National Insurance level based on a collective or individual agreement). |
|
Legal basis |
Working Environment Act of 2005, section 12, and National Insurance Act of 1997, section 14. |
|
Paternity leave |
|
|
Maximum duration |
See above. Fathers are entitled to two weeks’ leave of absence in connection with childbirth or in order to help the mother. |
|
Reimbursement |
Based on collective agreements or company administrative regulations. |
|
Who pays? |
Employer if this is laid down in collective or individual agreements or company administrative regulations. |
|
Legal basis |
Working Environment Act of 2005, section 12 |
Sick leave
Sick leave is regulated by the National Insurance Act, chapter 8. The employer pays the first 16 calendar days of the leave, and after that payment is made by the National Insurance. Payment by the National Insurance is calculated on the basis of income. The daily rate is 1/260 of the calculation basis. The calculation basis cannot exceed six times the basic amount (in 2016 that was NOK 555,456 or approximately €62,000)If the employment relationship is terminated while the employee is on sick leave, the National Insurance is responsible for paying the benefit. Employees may have better rights to sick payment based on collective or individual agreements.
Retirement age
The general retirement age is 72 years (from July 2015), although since 2011, the pension reform has made it possible to withdraw a pension from 62 years of age. All work until the age of 75 will count when it comes to earning rights. There are no gender differences in the provisions.
According to the Working Environment Act, employment may be terminated when an employee reaches 72, but a lower age limit (but not below 70) is allowed if it is combined with a satisfactorily occupational pension scheme, and is objectively justified and does not involve disproportionate intervention (see section 15-13a).
Pay
Pay
Pay: For workers, the reward for work and main source of income; for employers, a cost of production and focus of bargaining and legislation. This section looks into minimum wage setting in Norway and guides the reader to further material on collective wage bargaining.
Median monthly gross wage per month, full-time employment, by year and gender.
|
2012 |
2016 |
|||
|
NOK |
EUR |
NOK |
EUR |
|
|
All |
36,800 |
3,838 |
41,200 |
4,297 |
|
Male |
37,800 |
3,943 |
42,400 |
4,422 |
|
Female |
35,600 |
3,713 |
39,700 |
4,141 |
Source: Statistics Norway, Wages SN2007, 2017.
Minimum wages
Minimum wages are set within collective agreements following negotiations by the social partners. There is no statutory minimum wage in Norway. In some cases, collective agreements are made generally applicable, through extending the collectively agreed minimum wage to companies not bound by such an agreement.
For more information regarding the level and development of minimum wages, please see:
- Publication - Statutory minimum wage in the EU 2018
- Eurostat: Minimum wage statistics
Collectively agreed pay outcomes
For more detailed information on the most recent outcomes in terms of collectively agreed pay, please see:
- Topic: Collective bargaining
- Publication – Developments in collectively agreed pay
Working time
Working time
Working time: ‘Any period during which the worker is working, at the employer’s disposal and carrying out his activities or duties, in accordance with national laws and/or practice’ (Directive 2003/88/EC). This section briefly summarises regulation and issues regarding working time, overtime, part-time work as well as working time flexibility in Norway.
Working time regulation
The Working Environment Act sets a framework for working time, but these provisions may be derogated from in many cases. Which provisions can be derogated from, and how far parties can go in this respect, depend on who the parties of such an agreement are. Peak organisations will have the most extensive derogation rights, while parties at company level have more restricted rights. Companies may also apply to the Labour Inspectorate to be allowed to have working time arrangements that derogate from the Act.
For more detailed information on working time (including annual leave, statutory and collectively agreed working time), please consult:
- Publication - Working time developments in the 21st century: Work duration and its regulation in the EU
Overtime regulation
Normal working hours may not exceed nine hours per 24 hours and 40 hours per seven days, and work outside these limits will be overtime work. If working time is calculated on average, other limits apply (see the Working Environment Act, chapter 10). Collective agreements set lower limits, usually 37.5 hours a week, with overtime starting after this. This limit is often used in individual agreements in companies that are not covered by collective agreements. Section 10-6 of the Working Environment Act defines overtime as ‘work in excess of agreed working hours’. Overtime work should be compensated by a minimum of 40%. Collective and individual agreements normally set the rate at 50% and 100% after 9 pm and during weekends.
Part-time work
23.4% of all employees in Norway were employed on part-time contracts in 2017. This figure has been more or less stable during the last 10 years. Part-time work is not defined by statutory law, but is defined in some collective agreements. In Landsoverenskomsten, the collective agreement between Virke and LO/Handel og Kontor, for employees in trade and offices, part-time employees are defined as employees that on an annual basis are employed certain days of the week with full or reduced hours on these days, or workers who on an annual basis permanently work every day with reduced daily working hours.
A prohibition on discriminating against part-time workers, as well as preferential rights, are included in the Working Environment Act, chapters 13 and 14. Such provisions can also be found in collective agreements.
More women than men work part time in Norway but percentages for both categories of employees are above the EU average, as shown in the table below. This is partly due to the high proportion of Norwegian women who are working, as well as a labour market that is divided when it comes to gender. Female-dominated sectors with high rates of part-time work are health and social care, retail and the hospitality sector.
Persons employed part-time in Norway and EU28 (% of total employment)
|
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
|
|
Total (EU 28) |
18.6 |
19.0 |
19.0 |
19.0 |
18.9 |
18.7 |
|
Total – NO |
24.7 |
24.5 |
23.4 |
23.7 |
23.8 |
23.4 |
|
Women (EU 28) |
31.4 |
31.8 |
31.7 |
31.5 |
31.4 |
31.1 |
|
Women – NO |
38.7 |
38.5 |
36.3 |
35.9 |
35.7 |
34.4 |
|
Men (EU 28) |
7.7 |
8.1 |
8.2 |
8.2 |
8.2 |
8.1 |
|
Men - NO |
12.2 |
12.0 |
11.8 |
12.8 |
13.1 |
13.3 |
Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey [lfsi_pt_a] – Persons employed part-time (20 to 64 years of age) – total and by sex.
Involuntary part-time
Involuntary part-time workers can be defined as those working part-time because they could not find a full-time job.
Persons employed in involuntary part-time in Norway and EU28 (% of total part-time employment)
|
|
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
|
Total (EU 28) |
28.4 |
30.0 |
30.4 |
29.9 |
28.5 |
27.1 |
|
Total (Norway) |
18.3 |
20.5 |
21.5 |
21.9 |
20.9 |
18.7 |
|
Women (EU 28) |
24.9 |
26.4 |
26.8 |
26.2 |
25.0 |
23.7 |
|
Women(Norway) |
18.9 |
21.0 |
22.8 |
22.3 |
20.7 |
19.2 |
|
Men (EU 28) |
41.0 |
42.4 |
42.7 |
42.5 |
40.1 |
38.7 |
|
Men (Norway) |
16.0 |
n/a |
17.5 |
20.6 |
n/a |
17.2 |
Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey [lfsa_eppgai]- involuntary part-time employment as a percentage of the total part-time employment, by sex and age (20 to 64 years of age)
Night work
Night work is defined – according to the Working Environment Act (§10-11) – as work performed between 21:00 and 06:00. Work within this period is as a general rule not permitted. There are several exceptions to this rule, both for company agreements and if the nature of the work makes it necessary. On the initative of the employee, part of the daily work can be undertaken between 21.00 and 23.00. This exception was introduced in 2017 in order to facilitate work–life balance, for instance for parents who have to bring their children to preschool or school.
Shift work
For shift work, the weekly maximum working hours is reduced (see Working Environment Act §10-4). Maximum hours depend on the nature of the shift work; these could be 38 or 36 hours. Collective agreements have set the maximum level below the statutory legislation.
Weekend work
The Working Environment Act has special regulations for Sundays (§10-10). As a rule, work is not permitted between 18:00 on Saturday and 22:00 on Sunday, unless necessitated by the nature of work. Exceptions can also be made by written agreement between local parties at companies bound by collective agreement (as for night work) and by an individual agreement in cases where the employee prefers an alternative day off according to their religious practice. There are also regulations on how often employees may work Sundays.
Rest and breaks
An employee shall have at least 11 hours continuous off duty in every 24-hour period, and 35 continuous hours in every seven-day period (§10-8). The daily off-duty period shall be placed between two main work periods, while the weekly off-duty period should as far as possible include Sundays. Exceptions from the provisions could be agreed on in companies bound by collective agreements, but with minimum rest periods of 8 and 28 hours as a main rule.
Working time flexibility
All employees are entitled to flexible working hours if this can be arranged without major inconvenience to the undertaking (see section 10-2 (3) of the Working Environment Act ).
Do you have fixed start and finishing time in your work?
In the figure, we see a comparison between Norway and European Union for the workers with 'Age : All' when asked 'Do you have fixed starting and finishing times in your work?'. For the 'No' answer, Norway's score is higher than the European Union score. For the 'Yes' answer, Norway's score is lower than the European Union score. Data is based on question 39d from the sixth European Working Conditions Survey (2015). The National comparisons visualisation presents a comparative overview for the values of all answers between two selected countries. Source: Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey 2015. More detailed figures are available from Eurofound’s European Working conditions survey.
Health and well-being
Health and well-being
Maintaining health and well-being should be a high priority for workers and employers alike. Health is an asset closely associated with a person’s quality of life and longevity, as well as their ability to work. A healthy economy depends on a healthy workforce: organisations can experience loss of productivity through the ill-health of their workers. This section looks into psychosocial risks and health and safety in Norway.
Health and safety at work
The main regulation on health and safety at work in Norway is the Working Environment Act of 2005.
The number of accidents in Norwegian working life decreased since 2008, but increased again in 2012.
Accidents at work, with four days’ absence or more – working days lost
|
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 | |
|
All accidents |
31,728 |
29,723 |
21,840 |
14,855 |
24,395 |
11,715 |
5,697 |
6076,0 |
|
Percentage change on previous year |
n.a. |
-6.3 |
-26.5 |
-32.0 |
64.2 |
-52.0 |
-51.4 |
6,7 |
|
Per 1,000 employees |
13.7 |
12.9 |
9.5 |
6.3 |
10.1 |
4.8 |
2.3 |
2455,0 |
Source: Eurostat, [hsw_mi01] and [lfsa_eegaed]
The survey on living conditions covers a number of physical and psychosocial issues. The data can be accessed on the Statistics Norway website.
Psychosocial risks
The Working Environment Act addresses issues related to psychosocial risk at work in chapters 2–9. Regulations affecting this issue can also be found elsewhere in the Act, for instance chapter 10 on working hours. Chapter 2 lays down the duties of the employer and the employees when it comes to provisions in the Act. Sections 2-4 and 2-5 outline regulations on protection of whistle-blowers. Chapter 3 lays down measures for the working environment, while chapter 4 lays down specific requirements. This starts with section 4-1, which provides a general requirement aimed at ensuring all employees have a working environment that is fully satisfactory when the factors in the working environment that may influence the employees’ physical and mental health and welfare are judged separately and collectively.
Section 4-3 sets requirements regarding the psychosocial working environment, stating that the work shall be arranged so as to preserve the employees’ integrity and dignity. Effort shall be made to arrange work so as to enable contact and communication with other employees of the undertaking. Employees shall not be subjected to harassment or other improper conduct and shall be protected against violence, threats and undesirable strain.
Work intensity: Do you have enough time to get the job done?
In the figure, we see a comparison between Norway and European Union for the workers with 'Age : All' when asked 'Do you have enough time to get the job done?'. For the 'Always or most of the time' answer, Norway's score is higher than the European Union score. For the 'Rarely or never' answer, Norway's score is lower than the European Union score. For the 'Sometimes' answer, Norway's score is lower than the European Union score. Data is based on question 61g from the sixth European Working Conditions Survey (2015). The National comparisons visualisation presents a comparative overview for the values of all answers between two selected countries.
Skills, learning and employability
Skills, learning and employability
Skills are the passport to employment; the better skilled an individual, the more employable they are. Good skills also tend to secure better-quality jobs and better earnings. This section briefly summarises the Norwegian system for ensuring skills and employability and looks into the extent of training.
National system for ensuring skills and employability
Following initiatives from the social partners as well as the Storting, the Norwegian parliament, a Norwegian reform for lifelong learning (the Competence Reform) was developed during the late 1990s. The main features of the reform were approved by the parliament in 1999 and included the decision to set up a national system for the validation and recognition of informal and non-formal learning. The ultimate aim was to recognise these competencies in relation to the institutionalised education system as well as in a labour market context.
The national validation system was a key building block of the reform, along with new statutory rights to primary and secondary education for adults, a new right to a leave of absence for educational purposes, the development of improved funding arrangements for learning and a Competence Development Programme to develop the market for further and continuing education (Skule and Ure, 2004).
Kompetanse Norge is the Norwegian Agency for Lifelong Learning and belongs to the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. Its main goal is to contribute to supporting active citizenship, improving employability and increasing participation in education. The agency promotes access and participation in formal, non-formal and informal adult education through research, basic skills, integration, career guidance, programmes and subsidies. The agency is also involved in international cooperation and is the current national coordinator for the European Agenda for Adult Learning. Kompetanse Norge also acts as the secretariat for the National Council for Tertiary Vocational Education (Nasjonalt fagskoleråd), where the social partners are represented. This council has appointed several working groups that cooperate with national expert committees, such as SRY (see below).
The Council for Vocational Training (SRY) is the national body in which the social partners meet education authorities. Under the Education Act, the Council shall advise the Ministry, take the initiative to promote vocational training and promote cooperation between actors nationally and locally. The Council is appointed by the Ministry of Education and Research.
The social partners play a key role in the apprentice scheme and participate in designing skill policies through various councils and hearings. The Basic Agreement LO-NHO has a chapter devoted to skills/competence development. The company shall identify employees’ needs for competence, and where there are gaps between the company’s current and future needs, this should be covered by appropriate training or other measures. The costs of continuing and further education in accordance with business needs are the company’s responsibility. The company and the employees are both responsible for ensuring that potential competency gaps are adequately covered. The agreement also states that it is important that the company has a system for documenting the individual’s experience, training and practice related to employment (OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report, Norway).
Training
Vocational education and training (VET), including apprenticeship, is integrated as an equal part of upper secondary education and is regulated by the same Acts that apply to general education. Labour market representatives from business, industry and public sectors are important to help identify new labour market and skills needs. In the decision-making system for upper secondary VET, therefore, the social partners hold the majority of seats in all advisory bodies and thus shape the provision of VET at this level. Social partners are consulted through the National Council for Post-secondary VET and two advisory bodies are consulted for technical and maritime education and health and social education, respectively. As part of the recognition process for programmes at this level, there should also always be a needs estimate. In higher education there is academic freedom, but cooperation with relevant labour market players is encouraged to ensure relevance of provision (Norway VET in Europe – Country report).
Training: Have you had any on the job training in the past year?
In the figure, we see a comparison between Norway and European Union for the workers with 'Age : All' when asked 'Have you had on-the-job training in the last 12 months?'. For the 'No' answer, Norway's score is lower than the European Union score. For the 'Yes' answer, Norway's score is higher than the European Union score. Data is based on question 65c from the sixth European Working Conditions Survey (2015). The National comparisons visualisation presents a comparative overview for the values of all answers between two selected countries.
Work organisation
Work organisation
Work organisation underpins economic and business development and has important consequences for productivity, innovation and working conditions. Eurofound research finds that some types of work organisation are associated with a better quality of work and employment. Therefore, developing or introducing different forms of work organisation are of particular interest because of the expected effects on productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of companies, as well as on workers’ working conditions. Ongoing research by Eurofound, based on EurWORK, the European Working Conditions Survey and the European Company Survey, monitors developments in work organisation.
More information on:
Work organisation: Are you able to choose or change your methods of work?
In the figure, we see a comparison between Norway and European Union for the workers with 'Age : All' when asked 'Are you able to choose or change your methods of work?'. For the 'No' answer, Norway's score is lower than the European Union score. For the 'Yes' answer, Norway's score is higher than the European Union score. Data is based on question 54b from the sixth European Working Conditions Survey (2015). The National comparisons visualisation presents a comparative overview for the values of all answers between two selected countries. Source: Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey 2015. More detailed figures are available from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey. In 2017, there are two ongoing projects on work orgnisation, founded by the Norwegian Research Council. - Opening the Black box of change management in lean implementation
- Temporary employment: Dead-end or gateway to permanent labour market establishment? A comparative study
Equality and non-discrimination at work
Equality and non-discrimination at work
Prohibition against discrimination is laid down in several acts. The Working Environment Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of political views, membership of trade unions, sexual orientation, disability or age (see section 13-1). The section also directs the reader to other Acts. In the case of discrimination on the basis of gender, the Gender Equality Act shall apply. In the case of discrimination on the basis of ethnic origin, national origin, descent, colour, language, religion and ethical and cultural orientation, the Anti-discrimination Act shall apply. In the case of discrimination on the basis of disability, the Anti-discrimination and Accessibility Act shall apply.
Issues pertaining to discrimination can be brought before the Equality and Anti-discrimination Ombudb(Likestillings- og diskrimineringsombudet, LDO).
Equal pay and gender pay gap
The Gender Equality Act section 17 prohibits discrimination in the employment relationship, and this includes pay and working conditions.
For the last 10 years, the pay gap has been more or less stable. According to numbers from the Technical Calculation Committee for Income Settlements (Teknisk beregningsutvalg for inntektsoppgjørene, TBU), the pay gap increased from 2014 to 2015 for full-time employees. In 2014, their numbers showed that women earned 88.4% of what men earned, while in 2015 they earned 87.7%. If part-time employees are included, the pay gap from 2014 to 2015 is stable, 86.2 % in 2014 and 86.1% in 2015 (TBU, 2016, p. 30).
Issues pertaining to discrimination on pay can be brought before the Equality and Anti-discrimination Ombud (LDO). Complaints on decisions by the LDO can be brought before the Equality and Anti-discrimination Committee, which makes a legally binding decision.
The gender pay gap is also addressed by trade unions in wage bargaining, including the general wage increase (low-wage profile or other profile that favours women). In 2010 the social partners agreed to earmark part of the wage increase to be distributed at company level in order to reduce the pay gap.
In general, wage transparency in Norway is good, and formal pay transparency instruments contribute to this. From 2015, a new electronic registration replaced the old sample wage registration. All employers in private and public sector are legally obliged to report monthly individual data on wages and employment to public agencies, including Statistics Norway. These data are used and published at an aggregate level by the Technical Calculation Committee for Income Settlements (Teknisk beregningsutvalg for inntektsoppgjørene, TBU).
Collective agreements may entitle union representatives at the workplace the right to wage statistics showing wage levels and wage development by gender and groups.
Quota regulations
Since 2005, all public limited liability companies are required to have at least 40% female board members (see the Public Limited Liability Companies Act, section 6-11 a). There are also regulations on female members when it comes to the election of board members among employees.
Other than that, there are no legal obligations for quotas. However, legislation that aims to combat discrimination allows positive special treatment of disadvantaged groups.
Working life links
Working life links
Employers NHO and affiliates
- NHO - Confederation of Norwegian Business and Industry (En)
- ABELIA - ICT and knowledge-based employers
- BNL - Federation of Norwegian Building Industries
- MBL - media employers (En)
- FoodDrinkNorway
- NELFO electrical employers
- OLF - Norwegian Oil and Gas Association (En)
- The federation of Norwegian Industriess (En)
- Norwegian Hospitality Association (En)
- Federation of Norwegian Coastal Shipping
- National Federation of Service Industries
- NHO Transport
Other organisations
- Virke - Confederation of Norwegian Commercial and Service Enterprises (En)
- KS - Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities (En)
- Spekter – The employers’ Association Spekter
Trade unions LO and affiliates or cartels
- LO - Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (En)
- EL&IT - Electricians and IT Workers Union (En)
- Fellesforbundet - Norwegian United Federation of Trade Unions (En)
- FLT - Norwegian Engineers and Managers Association
- FO - Norwegian Union of Social Educators and Social Workers (En)
- HK - Norwegian Union of Employees in Commerce and Offices
- MFO - Norwegian Union of Musicians
- NAF – Norsk arbeidsmandsforbund
- NFF - Norwegian Prison and Probation Officers Union (En)
- NJF - railworkers' union
- Fagforbundet
- Industri Energi
- NISO - sport workers' union
- NLF – Norsk lokomotivmannsforbund
- NNN - food workers' union
- NOF - Norwegian Union of Military Officers
- Norsk Transportarbeiderforbund - transport workers' union
- Postkom - posts and communications workers' union
- NSF - seafarers' union
- NTL - Norwegian Civil Service Union
- SL - education workers' union
- LO Stat - state public employees' cartel
YS and affiliates
- YS - Confederation of Vocational Unions (En)
- YS Stat - state sector central organisation
- AVYO
- BFO - officers' union
- Bibliotekarforbundet - Association of Librarians
- Delta
- Finansforbundet - Finance Sector Union
- Kriminalomsorgens yrkesforbund - prison service employees
- Lærernes yrkesforbund – teachers union
- Negotia - senior white-collar workers' union
- Norsk Skolelederforbund - Norwegian Association of School Leaders
- NPL – police leaders union
- NT - Norwegian Customs Officers Union
- SAFE - oil workers' union
- Parat - private sector workers' union
- Pefo – Union of National Defence Civil Servants
- SKL – tax authorities union
- STAFO - state enterprises employees' union
- YTF - transport workers' union
Akademikerne and affiliates
- Akademikerne - union confederation for academically qualified staff
- AFAG - Norwegian Trade Union of Architects
- Econa - Association of Norwegian Economists
- KOL -military officers' association
- Naturviterne - Norwegian Association of Natural Resource Managers
- NJ - Norwegian Association of legal scholars
- Norsk Lektorlag - university lecturers' union
- Norske Lægeforening - Norwegian Medical Association
- Norwegian Dental Association (En)
- NPF - Norwegian Psychological Association (En)
- NV - Norwegian Veterinary Association
- Samfunnsviterne- Norwegian Association of Social Scientists
- Samfunnsøkonomene - social economists' association
- Tekna - The Norwegian Society of Graduate Technical and Scientific Professionals
Former affiliates of the Confederation of Academic and Professional Unions (AF)
- Akademikerforbundet
- DNMF - Norwegian Union of Marine Engineers (En)
- DNDF - Norwegian Association of Deacons (En)
- Forskerforbundet - Norwegian Association of Research Workers
- Ergoterapeutene
- NFF - Norwegian Physiotherapist Association
- S - Norwegian Nurses' Association
- Politiets fellesforbund – police union
- Presteforeningen - Association of Ministers of the Church of Norway
- Skatterevisorenes Forening - Association of Tax Accountants
- The Norwegian Society of Radiographers
- Utdanningsforbundet - Union of Education Norway
Other trade union organisations
- NJ - journalists' union
- NFO - flight technicians' union
- Lederne - managers' and engineers' union
- NITO - Norwegian Society of Engineers (En)
Government
Other links
Bibliography
Bibliography
Nergaard, K. (2016), Organisasjonsgrader, tariffavtaledekning og arbeidskonflikter 2013, Fafo-notat 2016:07.
Det tekniske beregningsgrunnlag for inntektsoppgjørene, TBU (2016) Grunnlaget for inntektsoppgjørene 2016. Endelig hovedrapport.
Stokke, T. Aa., Evju, S.E., and Nergaard, K.(2013),Det kollektive arbeidslivet. Organisasjoner, tariffavtaler og lønnsoppgjøret, 2. utgave, Universitetsforlaget.
Skule and Ure (2004), Lifelong learning – Norwegian experiences: Identification and validation of non-formal and informal learning, Fafo-paper 2004:2, Fafo Institute for Labour and Social Research.
Useful? Interesting? Tell us what you think.
MEMBER OF THE NETWORK OF EU AGENCIES
Eurofound is an agency of the European Union
Add new comment